Tuesday, May 26, 2020

Writing an Essay - Get an Example of College Supplemental Essay

Composing an Essay - Get an Example of College Supplemental EssayA extraordinary case of school supplemental exposition is a paper or course that gives you a case of a subject of intrigue that you can use to expound on. This can be a course, a film, an occasion or anything that holds enthusiasm to you and makes you need to expound on it. It will let you remain at the bleeding edge of the content and keep you concentrated on what you are doing.Here are a few hints on composing an exposition for school. To start with, you ought to have a point to make. You can begin with a thought of what you are expounding on or inquire as to whether you need to offer something new, something identified with the theme, or to discuss something that as of now exists. When you have chosen a theme, you can experience the schedule and read your material over before beginning.You will in all probability spread a few subjects and some primary concerns that you need to raise in your paper. Investigate your pr ospectus and check whether you have to look into a specific words that you probably won't make certain of. Moreover, set aside the effort to get familiar with subjects that will give you a case of how to compose a paper about them.Once you have all the data you need, you can start composing your school supplemental exposition. This will likely take up most of your time, since you will need to have the option to make sense of all the various alternatives for wording and language just as how to integrate all the various areas of your subject. It's significant that you comprehend what the proposition of your piece is, and that it is well written.As you compose your school supplemental exposition, you should ensure that you get all the data down all around ok that you remember to underwrite anything and ensure that all the spelling is right. Ensure that your title is fascinating and expressive, and that you keep your passage structure flawless and coherent.A extraordinary approach to pl ace your contemplations into a decent school supplemental exposition is to conceptualize thoughts. Ask yourself what you would state in the circumstance that you are expounding on. By what means will you present the point and in what capacity will you talk about it?You ought to have the option to apply these plans to the subject of your article to make it a powerful exposition. Remember that there are numerous incredible instances of school expositions and so as to compose the best one you need to acquire as much contribution as possible.An case of school supplemental paper is the most ideal approach to figure out how to compose an article that is on-theme and all around organized. It is likewise a decent method to discover a theme that you love to expound on. The most ideal approach to figure out how to compose an article is to settle on a decision and afterward observe what you think of.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Writing Services For College Students

<h1>Writing Services For College Students</h1><p>There are many composing administrations for undergrads accessible today. The vast majority will regularly utilize these administrations for content for their proposal or a paper that they need to do. You may decide to utilize these administrations for each part of your advanced degree, from your school papers and sites to your distribution material for your workshops. In this way, what are the advantages of recruiting a professional?</p><p></p><p>First of all, you will find that when you employ proficient composing administrations for understudies, you are additionally recruiting various people that you can gain from. These people have the ability to give you the quality composing administrations that you need. In the event that you have an issue with language or spelling, they are equipped for fixing those issues as well.</p><p></p><p>It will make your understudy's ven ture simpler to do, in light of the fact that you won't need to stress over composing everything yourself. This administration additionally permits you to keep on your undertakings, without being continually stressing over what you ought to compose. You can invest energy in your different ventures. That can spare you a great deal of time, which you can use for something else.</p><p></p><p>When you have to get a specific article distributed, they will gladly get you out. The vast majority of them offer advanced distributing, so they can do your accommodation to various media. They can alter the accommodation, and this is significant for papers that you are composing for higher evaluations. You may need to alter, edit, and revise your paper, yet this administration can ensure that the paper is on a par with it can be.</p><p></p><p>These individuals realize how to keep themselves refreshed on what is happening on the planet, and they can do this all the time. You will find that they can furnish you with loads of various plans to add to your paper. They will likewise have the option to concoct a totally new subject for you to expound on, also. They will have an abundance of data to give you.</p><p></p><p>The greatest advantage of recruiting an expert for undergrads is that they can spare you a ton of cash. On the off chance that you choose to enlist one of these organizations, they will as a rule charge you a one-time fee.</p><p></p><p>You can without much of a stretch locate the best composing administrations for understudies by exploiting the Internet. You will discover a few specialist organizations, and you should do some exploration before you recruit one. By exploiting the Internet, you will find that you can recruit the best composing administrations for understudies at the best value, which makes it simpler for you to do.</p>

Saturday, May 23, 2020

An Argument Essay for William Byrd II

<h1>An Argument Essay for William Byrd II</h1><p>Will William Byrd II, a local of Ohio State University, trusts that his convincing contention article subjects about frontier life for William Byrd II will win him the prize for best factious paper. In any case, this serious history educator who additionally writes at 'Byrd's Civil War Blog' feels that it's insufficient to have an amazing exposition, regardless of how persuading. His contention is that a triumphant paper can be an excursion that produces new knowledge.</p><p></p><p>An exposition can fill some needs. It can illuminate, engage, or teach. It can even be moving. A fruitful article is an occasion, an occasion that comes full circle in an instructing second, that carries understudies to new places and changes them into basic thinkers.</p><p></p><p>The motivation behind a triumphant paper is to summon sentiments of pride, interest, or respect, which are the fun damental feelings that drive a peruser to keep perusing. As William Byrd II says, 'An article is a mode for passing on thoughts, or portraying a world, or progressing or depicting one's information, with just a couple of precautionary measures that the peruser should realize the entry well and decipher it in his own specific manner.' For instance, if an exposition utilizes bright analogies and pictures, the paper succeeds on the grounds that it fills the need of informing.</p><p></p><p>'A picture merits a thousand words,' composed Ernest Hemingway. That is the reason he utilized shading pictures to portray an important idea. The equivalent applies to a contention paper. Perusers get what they expect out of a decent contention - data and information - while as yet making some incredible memories with it.</p><p></p><p>Argument papers are a mix of information and amusement. At the point when authors compose convincing papers that connect with their perusers, they help their theory explanation create. Thus, this can prompt another better conclusion.</p><p></p><p>It is absolutely critical that a history educator compose quality contentions, in the event that they need their understudies to exceed expectations in their subject and procure a notoriety for quality instructing. As William Byrd II stated, 'You don't turn into the best; you become the best teacher.'</p><p></p><p>Like some other sort of exposition, contention paper points about provincial life must engage the peruser. Like a wide range of papers, the emphasis must be on introducing information, introducing realities, and introducing contentions. What's more, the main concern would you say you is: need to express what is on your mind unmistakably, powerfully, and in the most engaging way possible.</p><p></p><p>What's the creator's target? For what reason did he compose that specific essay ?</p>

Wednesday, May 20, 2020

Opinion Essay From the Grades Course in College is Necessary for Your Speech

<h1>Opinion Essay From the Grades Course in College is Necessary for Your Speech</h1><p>A test feeling article from the evaluations course in school is required in the event that you need to give an extraordinary discourse. I would prefer not to exhaust you with my own encounters so I won't go into it as though I was a visitor talking. Simply recollect, you should be set up for your sentiment paper to be significant and to get a passing mark for it.</p><p></p><p>This is the reason hearing a quality point of view exposition for the green bean at The Grades in school is fundamental. I tend to invest more energy in investigating various subjects since it is crucial that the remainder of the school realizes that you are an understudy who has lived it.</p><p></p><p>If you would prefer not to invest time inquiring about points for the first year recruit at The Grades in school, at that point simply consider getting a fair ar ticle for this class. The one that is consistent with your character is the thing that you need.</p><p></p><p>One of the best courses is offered by the PTA or Primary Assemblies and the PSAT or Pre-College Test and the College Admissions Exam. Both of these courses can give you a generally excellent example assessment exposition from the evaluations course in college.</p><p></p><p>To help you out on the best way to hear your point of view paper from the evaluations course in school acknowledged, you should recognize what they expect out of you. Absolutely never disclose to them something like 'I simply did this examination on the web' since they will have a hard time believing you may think twice about it later.</p><p></p><p>However, on the off chance that you reveal to them you did it so they will understand that you got your work done for the rookie at The Grades in school. All things considered, they need you to show that you have the information and that you examined it.</p><p></p><p>So when I got some information about composing a conclusion article from the evaluations course in school, the one thing they let me know is that they needed to show their understudy's sentiment on whatever point it is they picked. I am certain they wouldn't see any problems any conclusions you may have yet having another person's supposition is better.</p>

Monday, May 18, 2020

Essay Topics and Its Elements

<h1>Essay Topics and Its Elements</h1><p>No matter what subject you decide to expound on, you'll need a couple of supportive indications on the most proficient method to structure a paper. You can for the most part discover this data in any secondary school composing guide. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you don't set aside the effort to find out about the essential components of paper subjects, you'll presumably compose a piece that is fragmented, and that is a disgrace, in light of the fact that the more you know, the better you'll have the option to adjust to the different styles of essay.</p><p></p><p>The first and most significant piece of the exposition is the point. A great many people don't care to expound on themselves, and they unquestionably don't prefer to expound on their own background. Since this is so exhausting, it's frequently simpler to expound on a more extensive point, for example, a kind of craftsmanship. For instance, in case you're keen on verse, you may expound on the numerous well known artists from Shakespeare to Joyce, or you may utilize the ongoing works of American writers to delineate your theme. Nonetheless, remember that this will make your article increasingly troublesome, and moreover, it'll likely be harder to pass your exposition because of that 'individual' factor.</p><p></p><p>The next component of paper subjects is the topic of the article. Once more, this can be anything from an occasion, for example, a prom, or the Spanish Civil War. In the event that you are keen on the topic of a well known creator, you might need to pick the name of an anecdotal character, similar to Victor Hugo or John Milton. For example, you could likewise pick a subject that relates to an occasion, for example, the demise of a popular writer, or the notorious assault by Adolf Hitler. You'll have a vastly improved possibility of passing your paper in the event that you've picked the privilege topic.</p><p></p><p>The third component of the article point is the presentation. Composing a paper is about as simple as pie, yet you should at present attempt to show your insight and comprehension of the point. This is the place you flaunt your insight into the subject, however you ought to likewise make reference to certain realities that may make your article fascinating, for example, how the point identifies with the writer's life, or the writer's different works. Attempt to be brief, however useful. Only a couple of sentences toward the start can do ponders for an essay.</p><p></p><p>The fourth component of article subjects is the end. This ought to sum up what you've quite recently talked about in the presentation, and afterward wrap up the article with a positive explanation of how you discovered your subject fascinating, or how your exposition's hugeness or handiness is demonstrated. Make a point to enve lop it with a brief way, and forget about however much data as could reasonably be expected. An end can be an amazingly supportive guidepost when the exposition has been re-perused, and you can likewise thank the individual who helped you by remembering the subtleties of that individual's commitment for your essay.</p><p></p><p>Now that you know the rudiments of article subjects, there are different tips to remember. To start with, focus on the source material. While you can peruse a rundown of papers by those specific writers, you'll possibly truly comprehend the material on the off chance that you focus on the setting of the exposition, and the general composing style. Try not to let the source material overpower you, since you won't generally observe the association when you're perusing it.</p><p></p><p>Also, it's a smart thought to write in a specific style. One tip that may sound crazy is that you ought to write in a specific styl e dependent regarding your matters. In case you're expounding on Shakespeare, you may write in the better-known, great style, and in case you're expounding on nature, you may pick an alternate style for each piece. By learning a couple of more components of paper subjects, you'll have the option to all the more likely adjust to the style of exposition you'll compose for the class.</p>

Saturday, May 16, 2020

The several centuries - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 28 Words: 8268 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background. Over the several centuries, In order to adapt to a rapid changing environment, organizations must continuously improve their efficiency on production, increase competitiveness, and boost productivity (Chin and Dale, 2000; Kanji and Asher 1996). the the rapid changing business and the environment competitiveness over the global market drive Industrial to put effort on investigating the development of production technology to gain a higher productivity, cost effectively production process, and better quality service and product. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The several centuries" essay for you Create order In the past, organizations mostly concern on improving quality of the product to fulfill the customers expectation, As a result, t management theories and practices were developed becoming more maturely. Also, the organizations channeled their concerns into developing innovative product in order to increase their market share (Patri et al., 1998). But in recently decade, business and organization started to focus on social responsibility because they realize the quality of the environmental performance is closely linked to the environmental effects of their product (Kaplan and Norton, 2004). The environmental problem caused by industrial activities is getting serious by the huge demanding of energy. In accordance with the report from World Resources institute, a list of the top emitter of CO2 from industry, there is over a thousand million of CO2 emitted from china. As resulted, the world is polluted, and the environment is damaged by rapid growing industries and the continuously changing living environment. In fact, the situation have drive the world attention on the problem in order to less the industrial impact to environment, and various set of regulation have been published to deal with the impact. In the US, Europe and Japan, manufacturers are required to produce and recycle product that meet government regulations on e nvironmental protection ( Le Fvre, 2002). Most commonly, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and Restriction of Hazardous Subtances RoHS are consider as the basic requirement for import product.. Furthermore, deteriorate of global environment have aware the public concern on environment too, global warning and acidification effect, have been heightened over the last few years. It made people realize that how serious do the problem is. It drive people give attention to reducing wastes and pollutants in their lives, and consumers are willing to pay more money for product which have claim that they are environmental friendly, Industries and businesses who have not take responsibility for the impact of their product are not able to satisfied consumer with their product or service quality only. This has inspired organization by making their products to be more environmentally friendly, many businesses have responded to this awareness and claimed that they are providing greener products and applying greener processes to their goods or service. thereby gaining a larger market share for their business.The environmental performance of products and processes has become a key issue to the development of business In order to complying those requirements from global market and gain the good reputation to their business, the most efficiency method for industrial is to deal with the product and the production process, to improve it environmental performance. Government and eco organization over the world have already tackled on the issues, and various set of environmental management standards are published to assist industry to optimize their product and manufacturing method, thus to accomplish the goal of green design and green manufacturing, for example; ISO 14000 series, Environment Management system, ECO-Labels and Life Cycle issue, apart from the method mentioned, different sophisticated evaluation tool for environmental assessment has been developed together, to help manufacturer to review the existing product and production process if there is any space for betterment. An impact assessment tool can help to determine the level of impact induced by different alloy product. A specifically d esigned assessment tool can predict the potential environmental damages created throughout the entire product life cycle. The sources of environmental impact can then be identified and therefore corrective actions can be applied to reduce the damages. In this report, difference evaluation tool within the environmental sector will be introduced; it will show the way to implement the selected assessment tool thought a case study which is going to define the environmental performance of the selected product. 1.2 Aims The purpose of this report is to study the various assessment methods and try to apply the selected assessment tool to the largest volume product in my company 1.3 Objective To achieve the aim, the following objectives were formulated To review the currently available impact assessment method and understand their strengths and weakness, thus find out the possible approach for my company. To Study and scoping the function and function unit, process of the selected product, to identify critical factor to measure and assess the impact. To implement the select approach to the selected product, thus assess the production process and the product to seek any chance of improvement To review the obtained result and comment. Provide the useful information and specific recommendation for manufacturing similar product. 1.4 Scope of Research The scope of this research is the environmental damage in the product life cycle of aluminum casing. It includes the impact assessment for the product, such as the evaluation and the quantification of the environmental impact caused in life cycle of a aluminum profile. It analyses each life cycle stage by defining the critical assessment criteria, which must be considered in the impact assessment. In addition, it includes a demonstration of the impact assessment model by using a detailed case study. 2. Literature Review There are different kinds of literature surrounding environmental protection in manufacturing sector, in this chapter; it will introduce the concepts Life cycle thinking, approaches of environmental management system and life cycle assessment. The ideal of Life cycle thinking is help to have entire review of a product or service, environment system provides a framework for organization to have guideline in handling the environmental issue. The life cycle assessment is widely accepted as a tool in the environmental management system to evaluate environmental impact of a product. In this study, several existing impact assessment approaches are reviewed, and the advantage and disadvantage of those approaches are identified. The reviewed approaches in this report include Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA), Environmental Priority Strategies (EPS), Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistrys life-cycle impact assessment (SETAC), Life Cycle Environmental Cost Analysis. 2.1 Definition of Environmental Impact Environment Impact is defined as the damage to environment; it is the relative results for both of the humans and eco-systems, and the change to the environment that is directly caused by any activities related to a product system or a service. It includes in direct consequences that relate to the direct changes to environment (CSA, 1994), The environmental impact can appear as chain reactions because the consequence of one impact may be the cause of another impact ( Chatagnon and Nibel, 1997). The impact includes secondary and tertiary consequences that are in connection with the primary changes to the environment, Therefore, it is necessary to trace back the beginning stage to find out the Stressor that cause the impact. The concept of stressor is introduced here, Stressor can be a substance or a condition that causes impact to human health or the eco-system, or which depletes the earths resources. Stressor can be generated from different product system, or any activities, such as carbon dioxide(CO2), chlorofluorocarbons(CFC), lead, and cadmium(Cd). Different stressors may cause different kinds of environmental impact. The related environmental impact may be global warning, acidification and ozone depletion. Figure 2.1 shows an example of the interrelation of the stressor and environmental impacts. 2.2 The Definition of Environmental Assessment In order to understand the principle of environment assessment, we need to get into the definition of environment first, environment includes areas of air, water, animals, and plants on the earth. It consists of the relationship between mankind and the natural and physical surroundings. Also, some other aspects like cultural, social and economic were recognized as element of environment too. All of these elements should be considered in implementing the environmental assessment. The close relationship between human and the environment encouraged practitioner starts to study the environmental issues. The formal environmental assessment was started in the late 1960s. The Coca-Cola Company was trying to determine the better bottle: glass or plastic. Since glass is a natural material, commonly people expected that glass would be the better environmental choice. But in Coca-Cola study, they find that the plastic bottle is having the best environmental performance in assessment. But in this study, the effect on environment and Human health were not taken as considering factor. A year after, There was an energy crisis, the event had became the prime movers the U.S and British governments to develop the analysis of energy consumption. Now there are concern for protecting the environment every where, and there are different ways to carry out environmental assessment Nowadays, environmental assessment knew as a tool to determine the environmental impact of an activity or project, including any positive or negative changes, the scope and depth of the assessment can vary considerably, but there are several basic steps to follow. Understand and define clearly the actions that are involved in the assessment. For example, the material or resources invoved, the taks to be carried out, and the alternatives to achieve the purpose should be described in detail. Understand the areas, from biophysical and socioeconomic points of view, that may be affected by the action. For example, all possible effects on the environment should be defined for the boundary of the study. Preconceive the implementation of the proposed action. Determine the possible impact, and quantify the impact if possible. Interdisciplinary analysis of the impact is required by the current federal law. Report the results of the study so that the evaluation of the possible environmental impact of the suggested action can be used in decision-making process. 2.3 Issues in Environmental Assessment There are a wide range of issues should be considered when conducting an environmental assessment, All of them are describing the problem is affecting to human health and environment. There are several issue will be discuss in most of the environmental assessment, they are global warming, acidification, ozone depletion, eutrophication, resource depletion, and toxicological stress. Global Warming: The energy from the sun heats the earths surface, and the earth radiates the energy back into space. The atmospheric greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapour, act as the glass panels of a greenhouse to trap some of the energy and thus the heat on the earth is retained. The global warming effect is such that the concentration of the greenhouse gases keeps multiplying, thereby increasing the global temperature. Acidification: Acidification is actually the effect of acid deposition. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are confirmed to be the causes of acidification.They are oxidized and dissolved into the water vapor to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere. Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog, and snow. This acidic water affects a variety of animals and plants by flowing over the ground. Dry deposition refers to the acidic gases and particles that fall back to the earth surface. Ozone Depletion: Ozone depletion is referring to the destruction of the stratospheric ozone. The cause of the effect is that chlorine atoms and bromine atoms are released when the steady Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and other ozone-depleting substances react with the Ultra Violet (UV) light. The ozone layer is then destroyed by these atoms, but the ozone-depleting substance still reminds the same. The consequence is that the Strong UV light penetrates the destroyed ozone layer and increasing the probability of skin cancer in humans. Eutrophication: Eutrophicaton means the blooms of algae that are caused by the high nutrient concentrations in an aquatic eco-system. Naturally, the process occurred as a result of aging of lakes; however, By discharging of nutrients and organic substances into aquatic eco-system through industrial activities, the process is hurried. The over actuate of the growth of algae interferes with the health and diversity of indigenous fish, plants, and animal populations. Resource Depletion: Resource depletion refer to the consumption of both of the renewable resources and nonrenewable resource. For example, renewable resource like wind and water, and the nonrenewable resources, like minerals (zinc, copper, nickel, etc.). Mostly the evaluate methods of resource depletion in impact assessment are based the concept of supply of the specific mineral and is usually confined to natural resources like coal, oil, gas, minerals, and water. Toxicological Stress: Toxicological effect is an important issue that is considered in many environmental assessments as it affects the human health both directly and indirectly. Some typical examples of toxic materials are heavy metals, persistent organic substances, and volatile organic compounds. They affect the human health through different chronic effects. 2.4 Environmental Assessment of Product Nowadays, with the technologies and materials developed, there are many product were replaced and fade out. The reason could be for better function or ease manufacturing. However, the new materials used or the up to date production processes for those products, have caused different degrees of impact to the environment. Hereby, the application of environmental assessment is extended to different types of product. Mostly, the impact of a product is environmentally benign when either being to be used or storage, the impact always comes up in the production stage and disposal stage. According to the definition of impact above, impact mostly appear when there is a change in the environment by process. Therefore, the best way to perform an environmental assessment of a product is to follow through the entire life cycle of the product. The definition of the environmental assessment to a product can be To define and quantify the service provided by the product, to identify and to quantify the environmental exchanges caused by the way in which the service is provided, and to ascribe these exchanges and their potential impact to the service. Wenzel et al. (1997) In general, the environmental assessment of products is referring to assessment based on the life cycle thinking, which can be named as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), also termed as Life Cycle Analysis. LCA is a popular technique used to perform impact assessment on products. It consists of several standardized phases used to carry out the assessment. The details of Life cycle thinking and LCA will be described in the following sections. 2.5 Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Assessment is a tool that is used to evaluate the impact form a product, process or activity. For a product, the assessment would start from raw material extraction to disposal. It is called Life cycle to product. 2.5.1 Life Cycle Thinking The life cycle refers to the entire product life cycle in a sense from cradle to grave, that is from material preparation to product disposal. A typical product life cycle usually includes the stages of material preparation, manufacture, distribution, operation, and disposition, as shown in Figure 2.2. In defining the environmental performance of a product or service, some of us might not considering the output of supply chains or the use and end-of-life processes associated with the products. Also we might only focus on a specific country or region, and might not able to recognize the impacts or benefits that can occur in other regions or that are attributable to their own levels of consumption. It is very obvious that information in a single stage of the products life cycle cannot sufficiently describe its environmental impacts. Life Cycle thinking provide a broader perspective, it is given attention to a life cycle of a product included raw material used, supply chains, product u se, the effects of disposal and the possibilities for re-use and recycling. In a product life cycle, the longest period is the stage of use, sometime it might be the periods of storage in the life cycle, but mostly these stages will be environmentally benign. At the end of Life cycle, it has shown a feedback loops which is presenting the potential for recycling, remanufacturing and reuse. In a entire life cycle, recycling can be occur any stages, to environmental protection, but it not mean the process of reuse or recycling is having less environmental impact, every stage with different material in product life cycle will have its energy consumption and environmental impact. Through the study we able to identify possible improvements of goods and services in the form of lower the environmental impacts and reduced use of resources. The benefit of life cycle thinking can avoid burden shifting of each stage. It means once try to minimizing the impacts at one stage of the life cycle or particular impact category, also avoid increasing the impact in other stage. 2.5.2 Life Cycle Assessment The Methodology of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was designed based on life cycle thinking; it aims to focus on the material flow in existing products. The concept of life cycle assessment dates back to a famous case from 1969. The Coca-Cola Company was trying to determine the better bottle: glass or plastic. Because glass is a natural material, most people expected glass would be the better environmental choice. By using a form of life cycle assessment, they determined that a plastic bottle would ultimately be the best environmental choice. In the 1970s, an energy crisis encouraged U.S and British governments to continue the study, LCA was used as a tool to measure and evaluate the energy consumption of processes (EPA 1993). After the energy crisis, the interest of LCA diminished as well. Not until the early 1980s, there was a re-emerging interest in LCA caused by the extensive use of resources in packaging in Europe. The LCA was again applied in different studies of energy and e nvironmental issues, such as transportation, recycling, and packaging (Bouwman, 2002; CSWS 1990; Ekvall, 1999). From the late 1980s, LCA becomes the most frequent discussed concept for review the product and processes, assessment methodology was used in broader areas, and the products and systems being assessed were more complex. According to the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) (SETAC, 1993), a generic framework to perform an impact assessment should include three complementary steps. The first step is Inventory Analysis, which is the step to classify the input and output resource, the input of the inventory could be energy and materials consumptions, the output is the product or the emissions with respect to the different impact categories to which they contribute. The next step is Impact Analysis, which characterizes the environmental impact of a stressor contributing to its impact category. The third step is Improvement Analysis. This is an evaluation of different alternatives to reduce the environmental impact brought out in the entire life cycle of a product, process, or activity. Assessment includes quantitative and qualitative measures of improvement, for example, material selection, product and process design, usages and waste management. These phases are the basic component s of impact assessment, forming the basic framework of LCA. This LCA framework was reaffirmed at a later time. Goal Definition and Scoping was incorporated into the impact assessment as refinements after considerable debate (Fava et al., 1993), as shown in Figure 2.3. 2.5.3 Elements in Life Cycle Assessment The LCA framework was modified by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and categorized un the ISO 14000 series, the definition that ISO introduced is to evaluate and compile the input, output and the environmental burdens in the entire product life cycle (Ong et al., 1999). The organization of the ISO 14000 standards was showed in figure 2.4 As mentioned from above, there is four interrelated phrase in LCA, they are; Goal Definition and Scoping is the phase of the LCA process that defines the purpose and method of including life cycle environmental impacts into the decision-making process. In this phase, the following items must be determined: the type of information that is needed to add value to the decision-making process, how accurate the results must be to add value, and how the results should be interpreted and displayed in order to be meaningful and usable. Inventory Analysis -Inventory Analysis is a phase to construct the product systems in the study. The product system is used to show the different unit processes. For example, production process, transportation, waste disposal and recycling. The consumption of the energy, water and materials usages and the environmental release from the product system boundary will be Identified and quantified. Such as the emissions of pollutants and extraction of resources, are used in Impact Assessment. Impact Assessment The Impact assessment is used to group and transform the resource consumption into the related impact categories. Mostly the categories studies are Global Warming Potential, Ozone Depletion and Eutrophication. In this phase, a weighting step will be applied to the result by calculate with a factor, in order to obtaining the final impact score of the product syste. Interpretation Evaluate the results of the inventory analysis and impact assessment to select the preferred product, process or service with a clear understanding of the uncertainty and the assumptions used to generate the results. 2.5.4 Review the Application of LCA Since the growth of concern of environment, LCA has been applied in different study both in the public and private sector (Gloria et al., 1995). Obviously, it is because the function of LCA is acting as an important role in product development by helping product designer and decision maker to quantify and evaluate the environmental impact of product and services. Thought the LCA, the decision maker can obtain the evidence to certify that the design is environmentally friendly and gain the market advantage of green products. There is another benefit to manufacturer, is that with the approach of the LCA, they are able to choose greener manufacturing processes, thus improve the production efficiency and the expense in dealing with the pollutant from production process. Categories Reference Descriptions Automobile Dobson 1996 Two alternative painting processes in automobile industry Kasai 1999 Propeller shafts in vehicles Maclean and Lave 1998 Fuel cycle in terms of toxic discharges Electronic Huybrects et al. 1998 Two photographic films in the printed circuit board industry (silver film vs. Mastertool) Pollock and Coulon 1996 Inkjet print cartridge Terho 1996 Fibre optic cable Energy Furuholt 1995 Production of three different fuel product (diesel, regular gasoline and gasoline with MTBE unghi et al., 2004 A molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) system for landfill-gas recovery Waste Treatment Mendes et al., 2004 Comparison of the environmental impact of the incineration and the land filling of municipal solid waste Suh and Rousseaux, 2002 Comparison of five alternative treatment scenarios of sewage sludge in the French context Package De Monte et al., 2004 Comparison of different coffee packaging system Recycling McLaren et al., 2000 Materials flow analysis in recycling systems Ross and Evans, 2003 Recycling of portable nickel-cadmium batteries 2.6 Review of the impact Assessment Approach Different impact assessment approaches will be reviewed to address the objective, scopes and assessment criteria of the assessment model. Also it will state the characteristic, assessment method, the advantages and disadvantage of the assessment. 2.6.1 Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) In traditional LCA, resource input acquisition and environmental discharge data is the most critical information in assessment, but it is hard to quantify the data since the source may report by different unit. In order to deal with the limitation of traditional Life Cycle Assessment, the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) is introduced (Hendrickson et al., 1998). The EIO-LCA approach is a method able to estimates the materials and energy resources required for, and the environmental emissions resulting from any activities in our economy. There are three basic steps in performing EIO-LCA, they are; Determine the physical assumptions of the product system. Calculate the economic effect relevant to physical assumption. In put the monetary values of the relevant purchases. The Environment output is resulted by the following equation: Bi = Ri X Where Bi is the vector of environmental output Ri is the environmental impact per dollar of output X is the economic output at each process stage. By the EIO-LCA approach, the economy effect associated with the energy consumption and emission can be resulted by the life cycle analysis. Practitioner able to obtain a economy wide and comprehensive assessment. The environmental impact will be ranked by the resulted values and worked as a reference for decision maker to define the critical problem, though the assessment, industrial is able to review the initial problem of their product or product process, thus obtain the solution. However, EIO-LCA is having a limitation which is th result of the assessment might not available for assessing the latest situation since the economic data is obtained from the past practices. Also the results estimate the environmental emissions or resource depletion with the life cycle of an industry sector, but do not presenting the actual environmental or human health impact. 2.6.2 The Swedish Environmental Priorities System The Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) and Volvo motor Company developed the Environmental Priorities System (EPS) (Ryding et al., 1993; Steen and Ryding, 1992), the function of EPS is assisting product designers for selecting components and subassemblies with the minimum environmental impacts. The total impact of the product are determine with five safeguard factor, they are (1) Resources, (2) Human Health, (3) Production (4) Biodiversity and (5) Aesthetic value. The equation for impact calculation is; Total Impact = Where ELIi is the environmental load unit Mi is the mass of the used material i Each stressors ELI is a product of five factors as shown in the follows: ELIi = F1 F2F3F4F5 Where F1 is the unit effect determined based on the five safeguard subjects. It is determined on the basis of the monetary amount that the society is eager to pay for avoiding damages on the safeguard subject F2 is the scope of the effect of the effect based on either the number of people or in area F3 is the intensity or frequency of the effect on the safeguard subject F4 is the duration of the effect F5 is the normalization factor The EPS approach is based on the recommendations of SETAC, the actual damages, and characterizes the damages in monetary value is defined. The advantages is that the approach is widely accepted for any application, but the assessment is difficult to implement as it adopts cost instead of worth. This approach is also being questioned as to whether the economic and environmental science is able to provide the necessary data for the extensive valuation. 2.6.3 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Impact Assessment The SETAC defines the impact assessment as a three-step process for LCA (Fave et al., 1993), The aim of the approach is to drive the assessment to be more transparent and scientific. In SETAC Assessment, the considered impact categories mostly are biotic and abiotic resource depletion, global warning, ozone depletion, human and ecosystem toxicity, smog, acidification and eutrophication. The three step are; (1) Classification, (2) Characterization, (3) Valuation (Figure 2.5). Classification the process of identifying and classifying the environmental impacts of the stressor into several defined impact categories Characterization the process of estimating the magnitude of the environmental impacts on ecological health , human health or resource depletion Valuation The assignment of relative values or weight to different environmental impacts such that the quantified environmental impacts are aggregated into one single index The SETAC LCA approach is widely accepted in any organization and able to provide the extensive environmental assessment on different product and activities as it attempts to account for all the environmental impacts of the three main impact categories. In the other hand, the size of scope has become the issue the application which made the assessment to be complex and costly to implement. The model requires a lot of data relating to resource depletion, human and ecosystem toxicity. Also all the information have to be clarified before perform the assessment, otherwise, the undesired result could be obtained. 2.6.4 Life Cycle Environmental Cost Analysis The Life Cycle Environmental Cost Analysis (LCECA) is a life cycle environmental cost model that is used to evaluates the effect of eight eco-cost in whole product life cycle. The eight eco cost are the cost of effluent control, treatment and disposal, environmental management system, eco-taxes, rehabilitation, energy, and saving of reuse and recycling strategies. The relationship between the eco-cost and the estimated total product life cycle cost, Tc are presented by the equation. Where is the estimated value of the total life cycle cost of a product a is a constant which reflects the y-intercept of the regression line are the estimates of slopes of the regression lin (of each eco-cost) are the cost of the effluent control, treatment and disposal, environmental management system, eco-taxes, rehabilitation, energy, and saving of reuse and recycling strategies Similar to EPS approach, the LCECA tries to assess the environmetal impact based on the cost instead of accounting for the damages. It increases the difficulty in implementing the assessment. Also, uncertainty still exists in the result as the secondary data with low or medium quality were mostly used in the impact assessment. 2.7 Conclusion to the Reviewed Approaches The environmental concerns of different parties raise the need to develop a systematic approach for evaluating and assessing the environmental performances of products or processes, After investigating a number of impact assessment approaches, it is found that the main aspects considered in those approaches are the resource depletion and environmental effect on the ecosystem and human health. Most of the approaches perform the impact assessment in the life cycle perspective, in which the environmental effects of the waste stream on different life stages are considered. The accuracy of the evaluation results depends on the availability of precise data as the impact assessment approaches are usually data intensive. Most of the impact assessment approaches are difficult to implement because of the complexity of the evaluation procedure. The applicability of the impact assessment approach is limited as the sources of data for impact assessment are also limited. Few of the impact assessment approaches take care of the three main environmental concerns. Performing an LCA study is expensive in terms of the resources and time. To sum up, an effective tool for impact assessment should have a correct balance between the ease of use and the depth of study in a scientific way. 2.8 Simplified Life Cycle Analysis Since LCA is the environmental assessment of a product or production process throughout the entire life cycle. It is very complicated to conducting a full scale LCA because it involves a lot of information, thus a complete LCA could be an expensive and time consuming process (Curran 1996). In order to make LCA to be easier to be implement, some method describe as follow is applied to simplified the LCA, the development techniques are described as a shortcut method of the LCA, also known as streamlined LCA or abridged LCA(Graedel et al. 1995) ; 1. Narrowing the boundaries of study Since organization may not interest in all the stages of the product life cycle, either they just concern about their own operation, practitioners could set their research to a boundary that is the greatest interest. For example, A mobile phone manufacturer might neglect the study of the environmental impact when using. The advantage is that the practitioners can control the size of the study, as the environmental assessment only focuses on the selected (critical) stages of the product life cycle, it is easier to collect data. However, this approach does not assess the whole life cycle of the product, it cannot show the full picture about the environmental performance of the product. 2. Using qualitative and quantitative date For evaluation, it is necessary to collect reliable quantitative data for assessment, also it is the most critical part of conducting LCA, it is because some of the environmental hazards may not be quantifiable, and hard to collect supply data from various organizations, in accordance with such situation, qualitative data is used to ensure the analysis as possible as it can. In the other hand, it makes lake of depth and sufficient information for the assessment. 3. Focusing on a few critical environmental impacts. Since LCA is the study to find out the environmental impact of the entire product life cycle, it could be very expensive and take time to list out all the environmental impact. Though this approaches, only the particularly important impact will be addressed, The advantage of the approach is centralize the relevant information to gain a better result for decision maker. 2.8.1 Abridged LCA In order to making a balance between scientific precision and practical applicability is the significant advantage of the simplified LCA. The ATT case is a typical example of showing the application of the abridged LCA (Graedel et al. 1995). ATT has developed an abridged matrix approach for the LCA. This is a semi-quantitative, and uses a 55 matrix to facilitate the assessment. The 55 matrix, called the environmentally responsible product assessment matrix is the central feature of the assessment system. As shown in Figure 2.6, the matrix arrays five life cycle stages. There are premanufacture, product manufacture, product packaging and transport, product use, and refurbishment-recycling-disposal, and against five categories of environmental concern (materials choice, energy use, solid residues, liquid residues and gaseous residues. In this approach, a group of assessors is drawn from the various departments of the organization, checklists are provided to the assessors as guidance i n the assessment exercise. The assessors are asked to assign ratings, ranging from 0 (highest impact) to 4 (lowest impact), to the five categories of environmental concern for each life-cycle stage. It is obvious that the assessment is quite subjective. Once the assignment of rating is done, the overall Environmentally Responsible Product rating(RERP) can be computed as shown below: Where i is the life cycle stage; j is the category of environmental concern M is the element value in the environmentally responsible product assessment matrix Environmental concern ife Cycle Stage Materials choice Energy Use Solid Residues iquid residues Gaseous Residues Totals Premanufacture (1,1) Product Manufacture Product Delivery Product Use Refurbishment, recycle disposal ATT feel that the matrices provide a usefull overall assessment of a product, but in order to display the results to be more effective, the target plots is developed for this purpose. (SETAC 1999), A target plots is constructed by using 25 elements around the circumference of a circle. Points on the circumference represent a value of zero. A good product then has more points toward the centre of the circle. Figure 2.7 show the ATTs Target Plot for the generic automobiles. The advantage of conducting the streamlined life cycle assessment is that the model provided a simpler and cost efficient evaluates method to assessor to review the input and output of the entire life cycle, since some of the assessment approach involves a lot of information and data which is may not be quantifiable, also some of the data could be confidential document to organization, like data of waste inventory or waste treatment. As streamlined LCA is able to let the assessor based on the existing data, the time and cost expend could minimized. Moreover, the Streamlined LCA is a straightforward assessment which is good for perform comparison for similar product. Assessor can base on the score of two product to determine which the environmental friendly product is. In this study, the most importance is the available to perform the assessment to the product and the completeness of the evaluation, The streamlined LCA will be choose to performance the assessment to the product. 3. METHODOLOGY The project will started with Goal and Scope Definition, it aims to defines the purpose and method of including life cycle environmental impacts into the decision making process. By determining the time and resources needed, It will ensure that the breadth, depth and detail of the study are compatible and sufficient to address all the issue. The entire life cycle of the product will be studied, thus we able to address all the input and output from all stage. Through the study of product life cycle, we could gain the data of the product, i.e. the usage of material, energy consumption during the production process or transportation and any waste or byproduct, Then, based on the resulted information to compile a inputs and outputs inventory which is called Life Cycle Inventory (LCI). The life cycle inventory is a used to quantify the input and output of the life cycle of the product, process or activity, like material requirement, atmospheric emission, waterborne emission, solid waste, and other releases, all the information will have address through a system boundary. The quantified data of the input and output of the product will be used in assessment to evaluate the environmental performance of the product. 3.1 Goal and Scope Definition In Goal and Scope Definition, several decisions should be made in order to make effective use of time and resources, the statement in Goal definition are the purpose of the study, the Intended application, the intended audience. In scope definition, it should include the function of the product, the functional unit and system boundaries. .1.1 Goal Definition 3.1.1.1 Goal The goal for this LCA study was to identify main environmental issues of the product. The goal was to get an overview of the environmental impact thus to find out if it has any chance for improvement. 3.1.1.2 Intended Application To be used to define and guideline in coming product development project To build up the database to perform comparison to similar product 3.1.1.3 Intended Audience Aluminum Manufacturer: Aluminum Manufacturer would like to know their environmental performance of their process, thus seeking any improvement of product and make decision on production process. Product Designer: For product designer, they can based on the results to define what material or process can be use, to provide green design 3.1.2 Scope In this research, the assessment might not go though the entire product life cycle but will focus on the product life cycle from material extraction to transportation to other factor. Since the product will be assembled by other manufacturer, we are not able to monitor or control any energy consumption or impacts during installation of the product. 3.1.1.1 Unit Description The product under study is a casing for amplifier, the unit mostly supplied to sub manufacturer for pre-installation or for retail purpose. The product is comprises a top cover and bottom with total weight 500g. The top and bottom of the casing made by aluminum and assemble with some steel internal columns which contribute to 7% 8% of total weight. 3.1.1.2 Function and functional unit The function of the product is used to provide the complete protection of the product, by assembled with the main unit or the product, it could isolate the internal electronic product with other component, it have another function which is have better installation by designing the feature or the shape. The component could be tidier and well prepare for assemble, cost and production efficiency is enhanced, The material application for casing is aluminum. It is soft, durable, lightweight and malleable, By the characteristic mentioned, it provide the benefit that is high dimensional stability and less machining required. The functional unit of this is defined for all material as 2000 unit of 500g casing, the study would be applicable to the similar mass of aluminum product and with the same production process. 3.1.2.1 System Boundary In LCA, all flows should be followed until their inputs and outputs have all been translated into environmental interventions. In order to create a clear distinction between the product system and environment, and between elementary and other flows, the system environment boundary has to be clarify, On the top of the boundary, is represented where the resources are extracted and converted to feedstock material, i.e. Natural resource, raw material and ancillary material and water, it also represented the energy used for the system. In the boundary, it showed the entire production process and divided into step by step. At the bottom of the boundary, it shows the output of the whole process. The output could be product and services from the process, emission from the process, waste generated from the process, and byproducts and scraps from the production. All this information could be used in assess the environmental performance of the product. 3.1.3 Data Source The data of product boundary system is mostly reference to some free data source, but also literature and field data. In Table below, it has showed the data for production of energy, auxiliary materials and feedstock materials, also the quantified output from the production process. Direction Flow Type Substance I QTY O QTY Unit Environment Input Natural resource Brown coal 158 kg Ground Input Natural resource Crude oil 43 kg Ground Input Natural resource Hard coal 151 kg Ground Input Natural resource Natural gas 135 kg Ground Input Natural resource Alloying additives 18.6 kg Technosphere Input Refined resource Aluminum ingot 1013 kg Technosphere Input Refined resource Ar-gas 0.53 kg Technosphere Input Refined resource Chlorine 0.081 kg Technosphere Input Refined resource Electricity 749 kWh Technosphere Input Refined resource Fluxing agents 0.36 kg Technosphere Input Refined resource NaOH 28 kg Technosphere Input Refined resource Nitrogen 0.3 kg Technosphere Input Refined resource Paper and cardboard 3 kg Technosphere Input Refined resource Refractory materials 1.2 kg Technosphere Input Refined resource Steel 50 kg Technosphere Input Refined resource Water 30 m3 Technosphere Input Refined resource Wood 28 kg Technosphere Output Emission CH4 2.2 kg Air Output Emission Chlorides 0.002 kg Air Output Emission Chlorides 2.7 kg Water Output Emission CO 0.23 kg Air Output Emission CO2 860 kg Air Output Emission COD 0.003 kg Water Output Emission Dust 0.69 kg Air Output Emission HC 0.79 kg Air Output Emission HCI 0.1 kg Air Output Emission HF 0.01 kg Air Output Emission NH3 0.0016 kg Air Output Emission NOx 1.5 kg Air Output Emission Oil/grease 0.063 kg Water Output Emission SO2 3.2 kg Air Output Emission Suspended particles 0.33 kg Water Output Product Extruded aluminum profile 1000 kg Technosphere Output Residue Hazardous waste 1.6 kg Technosphere Output Residue Oil 1.7 kg Technosphere Output Residue Sludge 29 kg Technosphere Output Residue Solid waste unspecified 60 kg Technosphere 3.2 Scoring criteria for streamlined Life cycle assessment The scoring method for streamlined LCA is assign scores from 0-4 (0= poor performance, 4= excellent performance) to each part of the matrix, the score will be according to the set condition in different stage. Form the table blow, the score will be assigned according to the condition to each of the element of the Assessment matrix. Material Use Score Conditions 0 The material used in product can not be recycled. 4 Material used in product can be fully recycled 1,2,3 Subject to the rate of recycle or the product is Energy Use Score Conditions 0 20% lower of the energy are use to the produce/process 4 90% or above of energy are use to the product/process 1,2,3 Subject to the rate of the energy used to the product/process Solid Residues Score Conditions 0 Hazardous waste is produced/ material non recyclable 4 No hazard waste to produce and 1,2,3 Subject to rate of waste of product iquid residues Score Conditions 0 If waste water is 80% or above of the water input 4 If waste water is 20% or lower of the water input 1,2,3 Subject to the rate of waste water to water input Gaseous Residues Score Conditions 0 arge volume of greenhouse gas emitted from process 4 ow volume of greenhouse gas emitted from process 1,2,3 Subject to the amount of Based on the scoring criteria above, an environmental evaluation of the aluminium extrusion process was performed in Table 4.1, From the table below, we are able to recognized the Environmental concern ife Cycle Stage Materials choice Energy Use Solid Residues iquid residues Gaseous Residues Totals Premanufacture 3 3 3 4 3 16/20 Product Manufacture 3 1 2 2 1 9/20 Product Delivery 3 2 3 3 3 14/20 Product Use 4 4 3 4 4 19/20 Refurbishment, recycle disposal 3 2 3 2 2 12/20 Totals 16/20 12/20 14/20 15/20 13/20 70/100 4.1 Justification of Matrix Scores It is having relative high performance in this stage. Since the raw material can be fully input in the product process, the In the product manufacture stage, consider factor is the use ability and scrape rate of material, the select product casing has applied aluminum alloys for top and bottom housing, and there is some steel have been applied for internal column. the performance in this area would be influence by the material characteristic and the type of production process. According to the data of product life cycle inventory, the use ability is having well performance, almost 90% of material contributed to the final product. Also, recycle process have occurred for the scrape produced during the production process. But in order to product the product, lot of package material is included. In the assessment of product delivery, the defeat may not occur to the product itself, but may cause impact to the package. The product is very durable and tough material, it need not to be any maintenance in the product stage. Also, the material is 70-80% recyclable. The aluminum and steel alloys used is 70% 80% recyclable, which is having very well performance in this assessment. Since the transportation of raw material is subject to the supplier distance and the type of transport. In this study, the assessment will be adjust according to the assumption have made. For the production process, it is energy intensive in the entire life cycle. The energy use of deliveries of the product is subject to where doit sell, the product delivery method could be various due to the client requirement. Assumption has been made in order to performance a complete assessment. The scored is given by allocate the output of a truck into number of unit per truck.in this study, assume that product will be transported 800 miles by truck supplied to other manufacturer. The function of the product doesnt need any energy to work with, no energy consumption in these stage Assume that there 2% scrap should be included for the material acquisition, the package material will be consider as waste. Solid wastes and oil will be generated when during the production process. And the scrap allow will be produced. In delivery of the product, a significant of packing material are generated, to prevent the scratch on the product finish. When the product is in operate, no solid waste will be product what make it have a high score in this area For the product itself, the casing top, bottom and even the column are made by aluminum and steel respectively, and such material are recyclable at 70-80%. In premanufacture stage, it should have not liquid waste generate during material acquisition. Mining of the alloy will be a significant source of liquid waste generation, other liquid wastes will be generated in part cleaning and trapping process. Very little liquid waste will be generated for the shipping. For the product, no liquid waste will be generated when using. Refurbishment, Recycle Disposal The liquid waste of the recycle stage should be more or less to the product manufacture. Gaseous wastes are subject to the type of product delivery, the score was made according to the assumption. Alloy smelting generates during product process, and subject to the working period for the extrusion process. The greenhouse gases is generated in product delivery. The score is more or less to prmanufacture stage. For the product, since it is not related to any energy consumption, zero emission is resuted. Refurbishment, Recycle,Dispossal Recycling the alloy is similar to the product manufacture and it will generate gaseous residues. According the Figure 4.1, the comparison of environmental performance in different stage of the product life cycle has been shown. The figure is constructed with In comparing the result, the product manufacture is resulted the lowest mark among the different stage, it represent it resulted the worst the environmental performance. The Figure also showed the best performance is the stage of product use. In order find out the most critical problem in this stage, we will go further into the contribution of difference environmental concerned element. CONCLUSION In this report, I have tried to evaluate the environmental impact of the product from my company, it is an aluminum case for an amplifier. The goal of this study is tried to introduce the environmental assessment method to my company, thus encourage management to implement the approach to the existing product or product process, moreover improve the environmental performance of the product or process though the approach. In order to achieve the goal, I have completed several objectives. In order to select the appropriate assessment tool, I have reviewed the concept surrounding environmental sector. Then I have study the concept of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), LCA is a tool that used to evaluate the impact of entire life cycle of a product. The use of LCA is able to identify the environmental impact from raw material extraction o disposal of the product to avoid burden shifting of each stage. Other than LCA, there are other assessment method is providing similar function. In this report, The Economic input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA), Environmental Priority Strategies (EPS), Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistrys Life Cycle Impact Assessment and the Life Cycle Environmental Cost Analysis are reviewed. Different approach is having its the advantages and disadvantages, after reviewed all the mentioned assessment method, it is resulted that although accuracy and complete analysis can carried out by implementing those approach, but most of them are data intensive, and those impact assessment approaches are difficult to implement due to the complex evaluation procedure. The cost and time consuming is another disadvantage to the process. Besides the method mentioned above, there is another approach which is developed with the aims of simplified LCA. The Developed method is called streamlined LCA or Abridged LCA, the streamlined LCA is method that using a 55 matrix to assess the environmental performance of a product and process, in the matrix, there are five life cycle stage which are premanufacture, product manufacture, product packaging and transport, product use, and refurbishment-recycling-disposal and against five categories of environmental concern. The advantage of the streamlined LCA is that able to provide a simpler and cost efficient assessment method to user, but also able to cover the input output of the entire life cycle. So the approach has been selected to assess the environmental performance of the product.

Friday, May 15, 2020

Modest Proposal Essay Topics That Get Your Offer in

<h1>Modest Proposal Essay Topics That Get Your Offer in</h1><p>Modest proposition paper themes don't need to be exhausting. The vast majority have a tad of enthusiasm for something or they wouldn't make the proposition. There are a wide range of reasons why individuals make proposition however one of the most famous reasons is on the grounds that they have an enthusiasm for the topic. So the way to getting a proposition is to thought of an intriguing proposition point that has some interest.</p><p></p><p>This article will take a gander at the various subjects you can propose on your proposition papers and how you can introduce them as the most ideal proposition. You can look over a significant number various points that are genuinely normal. On the off chance that you have some information about the subject you can think of a surprisingly better proposal.</p><p></p><p>In reality, in the event that you have a generous m easure of information about the topic you may even get a higher evaluation for the paper than you typically would. Since ordinarily individuals set out to really utilize that information by composing a proposition, they are doing you a favor.</p><p></p><p>Your article will likewise should be cautious about what they put into it. For example, numerous individuals will compose something that is nonexclusive and tell everybody how extraordinary an item or administration is. On the off chance that this happens to be valid, it could hurt you when you go to the post-graduate year end grants dinner.</p><p></p><p>Modest proposition exposition points ought to consistently be founded on inquire about and not simply unadulterated gossip. It is imperative to have the option to place in your own exploration without seeming like you are attempting to sell somebody a vehicle. By utilizing realities you can move beyond a potential business' gatekeeper .</p><p></p><p>When you are composing an article about a subject to propose you ought to never make things up. That is a certain method to get dismissed. Obviously the objective is to introduce your case precisely however there is no motivation behind why you shouldn't commit errors when you're composing. On the off chance that you set aside a great deal of effort to address and re-compose it will assist with intriguing your employer.</p><p></p><p>Modest proposition paper points ought to likewise be written in a style that shows off your composing capacity. You ought to consistently attempt to place in your best work and not shroud it behind a school and go about as though you are an ideal essayist. Individuals are not used to catching wind of perfection.</p><p></p><p>Modest proposition exposition subjects are the least demanding to compose as long as you remember that you need to discover a point that has a tad of intrigue. This is all piece of the arrangement to take care of business accurately. It might be troublesome on the off chance that you don't have a clue what you're doing.</p>

Monday, May 11, 2020

Unanswered Questions on Ged Essay Topics 2014 That You Should Read About

<h1> Unanswered Questions on Ged Essay Topics 2014 That You Should Read About </h1> <h2> The New Angle On Ged Essay Topics 2014 Just Released</h2> <p>Sample GED Extended Response entries are altogether especially like the ones you will see on your genuine test brief, so they work pleasantly for acclimating yourself with the kind of perusing you will be approached to do. Should you need a few aptitudes. There are various GED paper points provided to the understudies in GED exposition composing tests which make it dubious to manage. GEDforFREE has a phenomenal free GED prep class. </p> <p>The student isn't an understudy, yet not a specialist yet, it's a sure middle of the road between both of these connections. Assuming there is any chance of this happening, your test prep ought to incorporate things like expositions scored by methods for an educator. In the ACT test, you'll have the decision of whether to take the Writing test. Before you begin examining, make sense of which test is given in your state.</p> <h2>Ged Essay Topics 2014 Fundamentals Explained </h2> <p>A composing is a fantastic karma! On the off chance that you find that the author didn't give decisively what you expected, demand an amendment, and we'll make the remedies. You do have some language botches which make it somewhat difficult to track. So as to totally plan for the composition, you need to comprehend the specific desires. </p> <p>In the end, it can assist with finding an outside point of view. 9 dbq model exposition is the most ideal approach to harmony. Taking a few minutes toward the begin to structure your exposition can help spare you significant composing time later. </p> <h2>The Fight Against Ged Essay Topics 2014 </h2> <p>Generally, understudies basically run over upgrade and brief and begin to compose quickly accepting they will spare yourself time this way. Each understudy requires help with schoolwork every once in a while. Every last one of your desires concerning the request matters for the scholars. Essentially take a brief while and endeavor to know the inquiries totally so as to respond to them fittingly. </p> <h2> But What About Ged Essay Topics 2014?</h2> <p>You can likewise connect with your author to gracefully some abundance proposals or solicitation data in regards to the request's advancement. The full pages are a few megs, so shou ld you have to see them, you can connect with me. View the crate on the following page. Recognize the key thoughts from the points of interest. </p> <p>Educational composing is for sure vital for progress and upgrade of significant skill to have the ability to have a prosperous existence after the finish of studies. You don't should be stressed over your own subtleties that might be seen, as we handle the issue on a sheltered system. Mention to our specialists what sort of schoolwork help on the web you need to get. To verify you will see a total response to each address, we have a help group that is constantly on the web. </p> <h2> The Basic Facts of Ged Essay Topics 2014</h2> <p>Mastering paper composing takes loads of training and perusing. Being pushed while it may get your concentration far from the undertaking and influence the nature of your exposition. In making a paper, the creator moves toward her subject with a specific target. You will work with proficient exposition essayist till you have a paper you are satisfied with. </p> <p>Then distinguish what kind of article you need form. Now and again, you may have indistinguishable perspective with the author of a post, there are times when you may differ with him on a few crucial focuses. On the off chance that you have seen each character in the novel is associated with a particular topic, and that implies you can use Tom Buchan's character as ideal representation of brutality in the Great Gatsby article. </p> <p>GED exposition test ged papers composing themes don't test significant information in a specific subject. At our exposition help, papers are constantly conveyed in a concise second. As a result, this exposition would make an ideal score. Composing an article for history isn't really precisely the same as it could be for an English Through the up and coming scarcely any pages we'll cover a crucial synopsis of the training. </p> <p>Academic papers can't contain any signs of literary theft. Article composing is a considerable region of the educational plan. It is just an assignment a great deal of the people loath playing out precisely the same. A familiarity with the point. </p>

Friday, May 8, 2020

College Application Essay on Karl Marx

<h1>College Application Essay on Karl Marx</h1><p>In the present world, it is basic for undergrads to compose an exposition on Karl Marx. This exposition will necessitate that you address the peruser, something that is hard to do when composing an immediate, balanced essay.</p><p></p><p>A school application article on Karl Marx ought to be not the same as different papers composed today. You are not required to recount to an individual story in a straight forward manner, rather you should address the peruser. Through this, you can show what your identity is, the information you have, and the encounters you have, through your proposition statement.</p><p></p><p>One method for composing a school application paper on Karl Marx is to utilize your first individual to discuss your life. You can start by portraying your work. Show how you came to know the incomparable Karl Marx and what impacts you may have had on him. This e xposition will be simpler to compose in the event that you incorporate individual experience.</p><p></p><p>When composing your article, recall that what you compose will be a higher priority than what you state. You need to exhibit your mastery in your field. This will make your application stand apart from different candidates. In this manner, when composing your article, it is essential to ensure that you center around your subject matter.</p><p></p><p>You may need to compose a school application exposition on Karl Marx in the event that you are composing your own paper on him. It is a smart thought to comprehend the historical backdrop of socialism. This will make the remainder of your exposition more interesting.</p><p></p><p>Your school application article on Karl Marx should show that you have inquired about the theme completely. Recall that it is the early introduction that each affirmation official will get when perusing your application, so you should be mindful so as to makeit the best one possible.</p><p></p><p>While composing your school application paper on Karl Marx, the most significant part is to placed yourself in the shoes of the confirmations official. Come at the situation from their perspective by saying how you would feel on the off chance that they were perusing your application. You can generally take notes in this kind of way with the goal that you can apply the data to the composing that you are doing.</p><p></p><p>Remember that your school application article on Karl Marx ought to be extraordinary and amazing. Your article will show what you have realized in the most recent year and what you would need to state to the confirmations officer.</p>

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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Dual Career Couples and Career Development - 1564 Words

DUAL CAREER COUPLES AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT, FAMILY AND REALLOCATION ISSUES SERVICES PROVIDED BY LARGE CORPORATIONS AND SMALL COMPANIES ABSTRACT As the dual career couples phenomenal increase rapidly in the global economy, large and small companies need to provide reliable services in order to alleviate the work-life challenges to support dual career couples in the complex issues they often faced. This paper will focus in the family career and reallocation issues of dual career couples and what are the approaches from large and small companies towards them. CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. FAMILY CAREER ISSUES 2.2. REALLOCATION ISSUES 3. CONCLUSIONS 4. REFERENCES 1. Introduction: Dual career couple is a common term†¦show more content†¦The job stress is linked to psychological well-being and this not only affects the individual worker but also his family. The strategies used to escape from a difficult situation and reduce emotional and physical reactions to stress are usually not just an individual effort; these strategies require help from the organization and from the family. As noted, the welfare of a spouse depends in part on the actions of the other partner. The dual-career families require concessions and understanding of family and business, which means a psychological commitment of the couple, with their family and personal relations, their individual careers and the organization. This type of families tend to solve their issues keeping in mind what is best for the family, over what is best as an indivi dual. With the increase of married women in the work force, more companies have recognized the stressful situation of dual career couples and they have decided to incorporated more flexibility in their policies and personal selection, and in career planning, placement and promotions. 2.2. The relocation issue We lived in an era of multinational companies and a large proportion of large companies hold under their portfolios several branches in different cities and countries. The knowledge of professional employees is converted into in a valuable asset for these companies and the relocation of key individuals turnsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Productivity of the Dual Earner Family814 Words   |  4 PagesProductivity of the Dual Earner Family As we enter the 21st century with all its challenges and opportunities, the idea of the traditional family has changed. Now, the dual-earner family, with husband and wife each maintaining separate careers and contributing to the financial success of the household, has become commonplace. The economic commitments and expectations of todays world often require two incomes to meet the overall expenses of the family. The biggest questions are often, HowRead MoreHuman Resources - Dual Career Couples Essay785 Words   |  4 PagesPolicy for Dual-Career Couples: Human Resource Management and Development HR Policy for Dual-Career Couples The changing demographics of our workforce have demanded that we address our HR policy regarding to families, and in particular dual income or dual-career couples. This policy will assist families that find themselves overwhelmed with work, parenting, adult education, and ultimately increasing productivity for the company. Careful consideration will be given to couples both employedRead MoreDual Career Coupling: An Emerging Paradigm In Banking Sector.1413 Words   |  6 PagesDUAL CAREER COUPLING: AN EMERGING PARADIGM IN BANKING SECTOR Dr. Arti Gaur, Dr. Neelam Kaushal 1 Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Business Administration, C.D.L.U., Sirsa 2 Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Business Administration, NIT, Kurukshetra Email - gaur_aarti1977@yahoo.com, neelam1613@yahoo.co.in 1. INTRODUCTION: Dual coupling has created many issues in banking sector as both husband and wife are working which brings certain issues and challenges. As in banking sector work is not seasonal.Read MoreCareer Planning and Development4740 Words   |  19 Pages| CAREER PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT | | | | ASHWINI RENGASWAMYINDEX NO – L0267KDKD0611JUN MSc 1 Hospitality amp; Tourism A | INDEX Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 2 Career †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... Page 3 Career Planning †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 4 Career Development †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 5 Dual Career Couples †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 8 Dual Career Couples Large Companies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 10 Dual Career Couples Small Companies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreEssay on Career and Changing Family Roles829 Words   |  4 Pages1983). In the last few decades, a growing number of families were classified as dual-career couples in which both spouses pursued a lifelong career, relatively uninterrupted, and also established a family life that included children (Dancer and Gilbert, 1993). More recently, however, some husbands have been staying home to assume child rearing practices while the wife remains involved in paid work and in pursuit of a career. A 1991 United States Census Bureau survey of income and program participationRead MoreMiddle Adulthood as a Twentieth Century Phenomenon in Western Culture1727 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ages of 35-64, there are vast changes in many areas of their lives. Stress is anything that causes a change in your body. The most obvious changes related to lifestyle in middle-adulthood include: physical development and health, marital status, family, career and finances and self-concept. Stress is a natural part of living, but too much stress can cause illness and increase the risk of death. In order to maintain a proper level of stress, adults must rely more on knowledge Read MoreCareer Development Plan Part 21074 Words   |  5 PagesCareer Development Plan Part 2 We want to introduce our new sales team that has been put together in the past few weeks to the company’s new strategy and sales program, we have taken the authorization to assign each member to their appropriate training and orientation. I have put together an appraisal performance form so we are able to evaluate the member’s performance of our team, and this will provide feedback so we are able to understand the voice and opinion of the management team from the employeesRead MoreOverview Of Professional Experience And Plans Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pagespsychology could become a lifelong career. Fast-forward seven years and I have witnessed this passion flourish through the completion of my Bachelor of Arts Honours degree in Psychology and my Developmental Services Worker Diploma. In addition to my schooling, I have made a conscious effort over the past two years to gather research and clinical experience to better understand my research interests and career goals. Moreover, I seeking admission into the MSc: Couple and Family Therapy program becauseRead MoreThe Elementary And Secondary Education Act During President Barack Obama Administration855 Words   |  4 Pagesa great teacher and every school has a great leader; (2) Providing information to families to help them evaluate and improve their children s schools, and to educators to help them improve their students learning; (3) Implementing college- and career-ready standards and developing improved assessments aligned with those standards; and (4) Improving student learning and achievement in America s lowest-performing schools by providing intensive support and effective interventions† (â€Å"A BlueprintRead More Adult Career Counseling in a New Age Essay2077 Words   |  9 PagesAdult Career Counseling in a New Age The changing workplace - a by-now familiar litany of economic, demographic, organizational, and social changes - has made ambiguity the only certainty in work life. Many adults had little or no career education, guidance, or counseling when they were in school and often seek such help now, making job or career changes spurred by their personal stage of development or by the postmodern workplace. Although career development is a continuous lifelong process

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

The Causes of Stress on High School Students free essay sample

Ask any high school student what they have in common with other high school students and stress is likely to be on one of the top commonalities. Why? Stress, whether good or bad, plays a major role in life. Stress can be produced from a plethora of situations. In this assignment it will be necessary to limit the focus to three considerably relevant stressors, annoying parents who seem to fuss regularly, maintaining good grades for the sake of not failing a class and procrastinating to the last minute on projects. First, one of the causes of stress on high school students comes from annoying parents who seem to fuss regularly. For high school students, having annoying parents is very stressful for many reasons. When having annoying parents means they will make a fuss out of virtually anything. From big things like having terrible grades in classes or calls home from school to petty things like leaving the T. We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes of Stress on High School Students or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page V or lights on. Having parents feel this way causes a student to feel guilt. This will eventually cause stress. Another cause of stress is maintaining good grades for the sake of not failing a class. For high school students, grades are so important, some consider them life or death. These grades determine if a student will pass or fail a class. High school student do not normally want to fail a class but sometimes it just happens. Having received these terrible failing grades not only makes students feel bad about themselves but feel like they let down their parents. Next, the last cause of stress comes from procrastinating to the last minute on projects. Procrastination, a word every high school student should be familiar with. Procrastination is used by high school students in many shapes and forms. From waiting until the last minute to finish a project or finishing a paper the day it’s due. At the end of the day, procrastination is always used. Most likely on assignments that have a great grade value procrastination is used. With all this last minute procrastination on a student’s shoulders, one cannot help but to feel anxiety or something similar to this. Thus, with all of these feelings coming down, like heavy rain from the clouds, on a student all at once causes stress. In conclusion, the causes of stress on high school students comes from three considerably relevant stressors, annoying parents who seem to fuss regularly, maintaining good grades for the sake of not failing a class and procrastinating to the last minute on projects. Having annoying parents causes stress due to the fact that they will fuss over virtually anything, big or small. Maintaining good grades causes stress due to the fact that high school students do not want to fail a class or let parents down. Lastly, procrastinating projects causes stress due to fact that high school students cannot handle the last minute anxiety of doing projects. Though there are a plethora of effects of stress on high school students, one cannot have these effects without having the causes of stress.